Contamination liability

A polluter, occupiers or current owners (even if innocent parties) can all potentially be liable for contamination and the cost of the remediation under the RMA. ^{8c13ae2c-b214-4a0f-8b3f-39a3d1d4da7a}  Although where there are not significant effects, under the contaminated land regime liability is usually only triggered when an application is made for consent to a new land use activity or for the land’s rezoning, or if there is a discharge. Under the RMA several options are available to councils for imposing liability. 

Infringement notices

Infringement notices ^{ccd571e7-c889-48b0-91f4-9cc41c13feb9} result in relatively low-level fines and may be suitable for minor cases of pollution. Minor cases of pollution include discharge of contaminant into air or onto or into land, or discharge of contaminants or water into water or onto or into land where contamination is likely to enter water, ^{3a7d5edb-4e44-4912-9de1-c330936c2c8f} or where there are discharges of contaminants into environment from industrial or trade premises. ^{5a99866f-e715-4465-87c5-5718b0b80252}  If liability for the discharge is challenged by the recipient they can request a hearing in the district court. ^{edc69ad8-5cbd-48b4-bbfb-d0a025dbfb45}  

Abatement notices and enforcement orders

Abatement notices ^{fcff0343-e4f3-4a29-9b9d-a121602cf646} and enforcement orders (issued by the Environment Court) may be used to force compliance with RMA obligations and impose liability for the clean up of contaminated land. ^{fa764db9-13cd-4c25-a586-ea1a4863b8ea} Before the Court can make enforcement order it needs to be satisfied that: ^{876fa429-d62b-4ced-bc17-d4729c81a4bd}

• There is an actual or likely adverse effect on the environment;
• That the adverse effect was caused by, or on behalf of, the responden
• That some specific action is needed in order to avoid remedy or mitigate the adverse effect; and 
• That the specific action (proposed) can be carried out by the respondent.

Abatement notices are common where there has been a serious contaminant spill. A notice will often include directives for emergency remedial works to be undertaken under the emergency works provisions in the RMA. ^{1820d533-46e2-42d4-9c46-8eacaf04fcba} These provisions provide for a fast-track process for actions to be undertaken to remove the cause of, or mitigate any actual or likely adverse effect of the emergency. 

Criminal offences

For more serious breaches of the RMA a polluter may also be prosecuted under criminal offences created under the Act. ^{6cd23519-a0d5-413e-ac67-4f0d26abc6f3}  Offences include breaching an abatement notice, enforcement orders, or failure to pay infringement fines. Penalties include; for an individual, imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or a fine not exceeding $300,000 or in the case of company (non-natural person) to a fine not exceeding $600,000. 

Health Act 1956 

The Health Act 1956 contains provision where there is a danger to public health, that an owner or occupier of land can be required by a medical officer or police officer to abate the nuisance. ^{2db00d0f-89f6-44c3-9fb3-bf57381c4f71}

Strict liability and defences 

The unlawful discharge of contaminants ^{3864a718-122a-4336-b6c1-3731b71a7c09} is a strict liability offence which means it is not necessary to prove that the defendant intended to commit the offence. ^{97189a44-8d56-48fa-981c-2277aedd04f9} There are two defences to strict liability available. ^{c08a4429-50b5-44f8-92fb-65c8f70260bc} The first is ‘necessity’, which requires the defendant to show the necessity of the action for the purposes of saving or protecting life or health, or preventing serious damage to property or avoiding an actual or likely adverse effect on the environment; and, that their conduct was reasonable in the circumstances and that the effects of the action or event were adequately mitigated or remedied. ^{44749bea-55b9-453e-b387-158a0dec85f6} The second defence is where the event was beyond the control of the defendant, including natural disaster, mechanical failure, or sabotage. They will need to prove the action or event could not reasonably have been foreseen or been provided against by the defendant;and the effects of the action or event were adequately mitigated or remedied by the defendant after it occurred. ^{ee9d09ce-fed6-4a1b-a43c-8649bc1bbe1f}  

Last updated at 2:59PM on February 8, 2018